Structural and Morphological Properties of Indium-doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Sol–gel Process

Abstract

In this paper, we have investigated undoped and indium-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles prepared using sol–gel method. The aim of this work is to analyse the effect of indium incorporation on the structure and morphology of the materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern reveals a significant influence of In-doping on crystallinity and average grain size of the TiO2 nanoparticles. The morphology of the nanoparticles analysed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirms the formation of spherical- and triangular-shaped nanoparticles with large surface area. Further, study of TEM images confirmed the obtained XRD results. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron diffraction spectroscopy (EDS) approve the electronic states and composition of all different chemicals existing in the samples. All the results are found and verified with the literature.