Effects of the air pollutant SO2 on leaves: Inhibition of sulfite oxidation in the apoplast by ascorbate and of apoplastic peroxidase by sulfite

Abstract

After SO2 has entered leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) through open stomata and been hydrated in the aqueous phase of cell walls, the sulfite formed can be oxidized to sulfate by an apoplastic peroxidase that is normally involved in phenol oxidation. The oxidation of sulfite is competitive with the oxidation of phenolics. During sulfite oxidation, the peroxidase is inhibited. In the absence of ascorbate, which is a normal constituent of the aqueous phase of the apoplast, peroxidative sulfite oxidation facilitates fast additional sulfite oxidation by a radical chain reaction. By scavenging radicals, ascorbate inhibits chain initiation and sulfite oxidation. Even after exposure of leaves to high concentrations of SO2, which inhibited photosynthesis, the redox state of ascorbate remained almost unaltered in the apoplastic space of the leaves. It is concluded that the oxidative detoxification of SO2 in the apoplast outside the cells is slow. Its rate depends on the rate of apoplastic hydrogen peroxide generation and on the steady-state apoplastic concentrations of phenolics and sulfite. The affinity of the peroxidase for phenolics is higher than that for sulfite.