TY  - CONF
AU  - Rakić, Jelena
AU  - Baščarević, Zvezdana
PY  - 2023
UR  - http://rimsi.imsi.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2024
AB  - Fly ash (FA), a by-product of coal combustion in thermal power plants, has been widely used in construction industry as partial replacement for Portland cement (PC). Due to environmental protection requirements, it became an imperative to increase the replacement rate of FA. Use of high volume fly ash (HVFA) binders, in which more than 50% of PC is replaced by FA, brings many ecological benefits (reduced pollution and energy consumption related to PC production, reduced waste generation, and preservation of natural resources). However, an increase of FA content in a binder can cause worsening of some of the properties of the binder, and reduction of early compressive strength and prolongation of setting time are of the greatest concern. These properties of HVFA binders can be improved by chemical activation of the binder. In this paper, three selected inorganic activators (Na2SO4, Na2CO3, and Na2SiO3) were used for chemical activation of HVFA binder (70 mas.% of FA and 30 mas.% PC). FA was mechanically activated prior to binder synthesis. Effects of the activators on the hydration of the HVFA binders were examined by isothermal calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analyses. Influence of the chemical activation on the properties of the HVFA binders was analyzed by determination of setting time and compressive strength. The results showed that the chemical activators used in this work accelerated reactions of both PC and FA, which lead to shortened setting times and increased early compressive strength of the binders. The HVFA binder synthesized with sodium silicate as chemical activator had the best properties.
PB  - Institut za multidisciplinarna istraživanja
C3  - 7th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 7CSCS-2023, June 14-16, 2023, Belgrade, Serbia
T1  - Chemical activation of high volume fly ash binders by selected sodium salts
SP  - 69
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_2024
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Rakić, Jelena and Baščarević, Zvezdana",
year = "2023",
abstract = "Fly ash (FA), a by-product of coal combustion in thermal power plants, has been widely used in construction industry as partial replacement for Portland cement (PC). Due to environmental protection requirements, it became an imperative to increase the replacement rate of FA. Use of high volume fly ash (HVFA) binders, in which more than 50% of PC is replaced by FA, brings many ecological benefits (reduced pollution and energy consumption related to PC production, reduced waste generation, and preservation of natural resources). However, an increase of FA content in a binder can cause worsening of some of the properties of the binder, and reduction of early compressive strength and prolongation of setting time are of the greatest concern. These properties of HVFA binders can be improved by chemical activation of the binder. In this paper, three selected inorganic activators (Na2SO4, Na2CO3, and Na2SiO3) were used for chemical activation of HVFA binder (70 mas.% of FA and 30 mas.% PC). FA was mechanically activated prior to binder synthesis. Effects of the activators on the hydration of the HVFA binders were examined by isothermal calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analyses. Influence of the chemical activation on the properties of the HVFA binders was analyzed by determination of setting time and compressive strength. The results showed that the chemical activators used in this work accelerated reactions of both PC and FA, which lead to shortened setting times and increased early compressive strength of the binders. The HVFA binder synthesized with sodium silicate as chemical activator had the best properties.",
publisher = "Institut za multidisciplinarna istraživanja",
journal = "7th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 7CSCS-2023, June 14-16, 2023, Belgrade, Serbia",
title = "Chemical activation of high volume fly ash binders by selected sodium salts",
pages = "69",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_2024"
}

Rakić, J.,& Baščarević, Z.. (2023). Chemical activation of high volume fly ash binders by selected sodium salts. in 7th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 7CSCS-2023, June 14-16, 2023, Belgrade, Serbia
Institut za multidisciplinarna istraživanja., 69.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_2024

Rakić J, Baščarević Z. Chemical activation of high volume fly ash binders by selected sodium salts. in 7th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 7CSCS-2023, June 14-16, 2023, Belgrade, Serbia. 2023;:69.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_2024 .

Rakić, Jelena, Baščarević, Zvezdana, "Chemical activation of high volume fly ash binders by selected sodium salts" in 7th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 7CSCS-2023, June 14-16, 2023, Belgrade, Serbia (2023):69,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_2024 .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Rakić, Jelena
AU  - Petrović, Rada
AU  - Radojevic, Vesna
AU  - Baščarević, Zvezdana
PY  - 2023
UR  - http://rimsi.imsi.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2129
AB  - Effects of Na2SO4, Na2CO3, and Na2SiO3 on setting time, compressive strength (up to 90 days), and hydration mechanism of binders with high volume (70 wt%, HVFA binders) of fly ash (FA) were investigated. Before chemical activation, FA was mechanically activated. Effects of the activators on hydration process were examined by isothermal calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analyses, and scanning electron microscopy. Pore solution analyses were also performed. It was found that, with addition of the chemical activators, Portland cement (PC) hydration was accelerated and the pozzolanic reaction started earlier, which resulted in shortening of setting time and increase in early compressive strength of the HVFA binders. Combination of mechanical activation of FA and the chemical activation by sodium silicate proved to be the best choice for synthesis of HVFA binder with good physicomechanical properties.
PB  - Elsevier Ltd.
T2  - Construction and Building Materials
T1  - Effects of selected inorganic chemical activators on properties and hydration mechanism of high volume fly ash (HVFA) binders
VL  - 391
DO  - 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131833
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Rakić, Jelena and Petrović, Rada and Radojevic, Vesna and Baščarević, Zvezdana",
year = "2023",
abstract = "Effects of Na2SO4, Na2CO3, and Na2SiO3 on setting time, compressive strength (up to 90 days), and hydration mechanism of binders with high volume (70 wt%, HVFA binders) of fly ash (FA) were investigated. Before chemical activation, FA was mechanically activated. Effects of the activators on hydration process were examined by isothermal calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analyses, and scanning electron microscopy. Pore solution analyses were also performed. It was found that, with addition of the chemical activators, Portland cement (PC) hydration was accelerated and the pozzolanic reaction started earlier, which resulted in shortening of setting time and increase in early compressive strength of the HVFA binders. Combination of mechanical activation of FA and the chemical activation by sodium silicate proved to be the best choice for synthesis of HVFA binder with good physicomechanical properties.",
publisher = "Elsevier Ltd.",
journal = "Construction and Building Materials",
title = "Effects of selected inorganic chemical activators on properties and hydration mechanism of high volume fly ash (HVFA) binders",
volume = "391",
doi = "10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131833"
}

Rakić, J., Petrović, R., Radojevic, V.,& Baščarević, Z.. (2023). Effects of selected inorganic chemical activators on properties and hydration mechanism of high volume fly ash (HVFA) binders. in Construction and Building Materials
Elsevier Ltd.., 391.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131833

Rakić J, Petrović R, Radojevic V, Baščarević Z. Effects of selected inorganic chemical activators on properties and hydration mechanism of high volume fly ash (HVFA) binders. in Construction and Building Materials. 2023;391.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131833 .

Rakić, Jelena, Petrović, Rada, Radojevic, Vesna, Baščarević, Zvezdana, "Effects of selected inorganic chemical activators on properties and hydration mechanism of high volume fly ash (HVFA) binders" in Construction and Building Materials, 391 (2023),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131833 . .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Baščarević, Zvezdana
AU  - Rakić, Jelena
PY  - 2023
UR  - http://rimsi.imsi.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2023
AB  - Fly ash (FA), a by-product from thermal power plants, has been used for decades as Portland cement replacement material. Recently, additional efforts have been made by scientist and engineers worldwide with an aim to increase, as much as possible, content of FA in a binder, thus reduce negative environmental and economic impacts of the power and cement production. Furthermore, extensive work is being done on evaluating properties of the new binders, with a goal to ensure their wider use. 
This work analyzes durability of the high volume FA binders (HVFA, ≥ 50 mass% of FA in a binder). In order to increase FA content and improve properties of the HVFA binders, FA was mechanically activated and a chemical activator was used for the binder synthesis. Freeze-thaw, carbonation and sulfate attack resistance of the binders were analyzed. It was found that the freeze-thaw resistance of the HVFA binder was in accordance with the standard requirements. Carbonation depth after 56 days of testing of the HVFA binder was 7.3–8.1 mm, and an increase in the compressive strength of the mortar was observed. Studying of the sulfate attack on the HVFA binder showed that the resistance of the FA based binder was good, and even superior to the performance of the Portland composite cement CEM II 42.5N, tested under the same conditions and used for comparison. The obtained results indicated that the HVFA binders can be used for applications where moderate compressive strength and good durability of the binder is needed.
PB  - Institut za multidisciplinarna istraživanja
C3  - 7th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 7CSCS-2023, June 14-16, 2023, Belgrade, Serbia
T1  - Durability of high volume fly ash binders
EP  - 69
SP  - 68
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_2023
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Baščarević, Zvezdana and Rakić, Jelena",
year = "2023",
abstract = "Fly ash (FA), a by-product from thermal power plants, has been used for decades as Portland cement replacement material. Recently, additional efforts have been made by scientist and engineers worldwide with an aim to increase, as much as possible, content of FA in a binder, thus reduce negative environmental and economic impacts of the power and cement production. Furthermore, extensive work is being done on evaluating properties of the new binders, with a goal to ensure their wider use. 
This work analyzes durability of the high volume FA binders (HVFA, ≥ 50 mass% of FA in a binder). In order to increase FA content and improve properties of the HVFA binders, FA was mechanically activated and a chemical activator was used for the binder synthesis. Freeze-thaw, carbonation and sulfate attack resistance of the binders were analyzed. It was found that the freeze-thaw resistance of the HVFA binder was in accordance with the standard requirements. Carbonation depth after 56 days of testing of the HVFA binder was 7.3–8.1 mm, and an increase in the compressive strength of the mortar was observed. Studying of the sulfate attack on the HVFA binder showed that the resistance of the FA based binder was good, and even superior to the performance of the Portland composite cement CEM II 42.5N, tested under the same conditions and used for comparison. The obtained results indicated that the HVFA binders can be used for applications where moderate compressive strength and good durability of the binder is needed.",
publisher = "Institut za multidisciplinarna istraživanja",
journal = "7th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 7CSCS-2023, June 14-16, 2023, Belgrade, Serbia",
title = "Durability of high volume fly ash binders",
pages = "69-68",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_2023"
}

Baščarević, Z.,& Rakić, J.. (2023). Durability of high volume fly ash binders. in 7th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 7CSCS-2023, June 14-16, 2023, Belgrade, Serbia
Institut za multidisciplinarna istraživanja., 68-69.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_2023

Baščarević Z, Rakić J. Durability of high volume fly ash binders. in 7th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 7CSCS-2023, June 14-16, 2023, Belgrade, Serbia. 2023;:68-69.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_2023 .

Baščarević, Zvezdana, Rakić, Jelena, "Durability of high volume fly ash binders" in 7th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 7CSCS-2023, June 14-16, 2023, Belgrade, Serbia (2023):68-69,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_2023 .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Rakić, Jelena
AU  - Baščarević, Zvezdana
PY  - 2023
UR  - http://rimsi.imsi.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1743
AB  - One of the measures to reduce the carbon footprint of the Portland cement (PC) manufacturing process is through a wider use of supplementary cementitious and waste materials. The main objective of this work was to produce a new binder using two different waste materials: fly ash FA) from thermal power plants and spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (sFCCC) from petrol refineries. In order to improve their reactivity, both FA and sFCCC were mechanically activated prior to the preparation of the binder. The new binder consisted mostly of the waste materials (70 mass %), with PC as a minor component (30 mass %). It was found that using sFCCC as the binder component accelerated cement hydration and the pozzolanic reaction. The new binder had a shorter setting time and a higher early strength than the binder prepared without sFCCC.
PB  - MDPI
T2  - Materials Proceedings
T1  - Influence of Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst on the Properties of the New Binder Based on Fly Ash and Portland Cement
IS  - 1
SP  - 8
VL  - 13
DO  - 10.3390/materproc2023013008
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Rakić, Jelena and Baščarević, Zvezdana",
year = "2023",
abstract = "One of the measures to reduce the carbon footprint of the Portland cement (PC) manufacturing process is through a wider use of supplementary cementitious and waste materials. The main objective of this work was to produce a new binder using two different waste materials: fly ash FA) from thermal power plants and spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (sFCCC) from petrol refineries. In order to improve their reactivity, both FA and sFCCC were mechanically activated prior to the preparation of the binder. The new binder consisted mostly of the waste materials (70 mass %), with PC as a minor component (30 mass %). It was found that using sFCCC as the binder component accelerated cement hydration and the pozzolanic reaction. The new binder had a shorter setting time and a higher early strength than the binder prepared without sFCCC.",
publisher = "MDPI",
journal = "Materials Proceedings",
title = "Influence of Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst on the Properties of the New Binder Based on Fly Ash and Portland Cement",
number = "1",
pages = "8",
volume = "13",
doi = "10.3390/materproc2023013008"
}

Rakić, J.,& Baščarević, Z.. (2023). Influence of Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst on the Properties of the New Binder Based on Fly Ash and Portland Cement. in Materials Proceedings
MDPI., 13(1), 8.
https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013008

Rakić J, Baščarević Z. Influence of Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst on the Properties of the New Binder Based on Fly Ash and Portland Cement. in Materials Proceedings. 2023;13(1):8.
doi:10.3390/materproc2023013008 .

Rakić, Jelena, Baščarević, Zvezdana, "Influence of Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst on the Properties of the New Binder Based on Fly Ash and Portland Cement" in Materials Proceedings, 13, no. 1 (2023):8,
https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2023013008 . .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Baščarević, Zvezdana
AU  - Rakić, Jelena
AU  - Petrović, Rada
PY  - 2022
UR  - http://rimsi.imsi.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1735
AB  - Geopolymers are class of alkali activated materials obtained by alkali activation of aluminosilicate precursors. The main product of alkali activation reaction is amorphous aluminosilicate, “geopolymer” gel. Due to highly interconnected, threedimensional structure of aluminosilicate gel, geopolymers can show high compressive strength and good durability, and can be regarded as alternative to Portland cement in some applications. 
Spent catalyst from fluid catalytic cracking process (spent FCCC) is an inorganic by-product from petrol refineries. It consists mostly of zeolite (usually faujasite) and amorphous aluminosilicate matrix, and SiO2 and Al2O3 make about 90 % of its chemical composition.
In this work, spent FCCC was used as a precursor for geopolymer synthesis. Prior to chemical activation, spent FCCC was ground in a planetary ball mill. Alkali activation was carried out using sodium silicate solutions with different SiO2/Na2O ratios. The reaction was performed at 65 °C for 24 h. Synthesized geopolymer paste
samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The results showed that alkali activation of the spent FCCC sample converted zeolitic phase to aluminosilicate geopolymer gel. Determination of the mechanical properties of the synthesized geopolymer mortar samples indicated that using the optimal modulus of the activating solution can produce geopolymers with compressive strength higher than 70 MPa. The obtained results confirmed potential to use spent FCCC as starting material for geopolymer production.
PB  - Institut za multidisciplinarna istraživanja
C3  - 6th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 6CSCS-2022, June 28-29, 2022, Belgrade, Serbia
T1  - Synthesis of geopolymers based on spent catalyst from petrol refineries
SP  - 90
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1735
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Baščarević, Zvezdana and Rakić, Jelena and Petrović, Rada",
year = "2022",
abstract = "Geopolymers are class of alkali activated materials obtained by alkali activation of aluminosilicate precursors. The main product of alkali activation reaction is amorphous aluminosilicate, “geopolymer” gel. Due to highly interconnected, threedimensional structure of aluminosilicate gel, geopolymers can show high compressive strength and good durability, and can be regarded as alternative to Portland cement in some applications. 
Spent catalyst from fluid catalytic cracking process (spent FCCC) is an inorganic by-product from petrol refineries. It consists mostly of zeolite (usually faujasite) and amorphous aluminosilicate matrix, and SiO2 and Al2O3 make about 90 % of its chemical composition.
In this work, spent FCCC was used as a precursor for geopolymer synthesis. Prior to chemical activation, spent FCCC was ground in a planetary ball mill. Alkali activation was carried out using sodium silicate solutions with different SiO2/Na2O ratios. The reaction was performed at 65 °C for 24 h. Synthesized geopolymer paste
samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The results showed that alkali activation of the spent FCCC sample converted zeolitic phase to aluminosilicate geopolymer gel. Determination of the mechanical properties of the synthesized geopolymer mortar samples indicated that using the optimal modulus of the activating solution can produce geopolymers with compressive strength higher than 70 MPa. The obtained results confirmed potential to use spent FCCC as starting material for geopolymer production.",
publisher = "Institut za multidisciplinarna istraživanja",
journal = "6th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 6CSCS-2022, June 28-29, 2022, Belgrade, Serbia",
title = "Synthesis of geopolymers based on spent catalyst from petrol refineries",
pages = "90",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1735"
}

Baščarević, Z., Rakić, J.,& Petrović, R.. (2022). Synthesis of geopolymers based on spent catalyst from petrol refineries. in 6th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 6CSCS-2022, June 28-29, 2022, Belgrade, Serbia
Institut za multidisciplinarna istraživanja., 90.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1735

Baščarević Z, Rakić J, Petrović R. Synthesis of geopolymers based on spent catalyst from petrol refineries. in 6th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 6CSCS-2022, June 28-29, 2022, Belgrade, Serbia. 2022;:90.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1735 .

Baščarević, Zvezdana, Rakić, Jelena, Petrović, Rada, "Synthesis of geopolymers based on spent catalyst from petrol refineries" in 6th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 6CSCS-2022, June 28-29, 2022, Belgrade, Serbia (2022):90,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1735 .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Rakić, Jelena
AU  - Baščarević, Zvezdana
PY  - 2022
UR  - http://rimsi.imsi.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1734
AB  - In this work, the effects of mechanical and chemical activation, as well as their combination, on the mechanical properties of high volume fly ash (HVFA) binders were investigated. Mechanical activation was conducted by grinding fly ash (FA) in a planetary ball mill. It resulted in drastic particle size reduction and increase in specific surface area of the FA. Morphology of FA particles, examined by scanning electron microscope, was also changed. The chemical activation was carried out by adding sodium sulfate to the dry mass of the binder. Effects of the activation methods on mechanical properties of the resulting binders were examined by determining setting time and compressive strength of HVFA mortars. The results showed that both activation methods lead to significant decrease in setting time and increase in early compressive strength, especially when combination of both of the activation methods was applied. Thus, properties of HVFA binders that have been limiting their use in the construction industry, i.e. long setting time and low early strength, were improved by using mechanical and chemical activation.
PB  - Institut za multidisciplinarna istraživanja
C3  - 6th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 6CSCS-2022, June 28-29, 2022, Belgrade, Serbia
T1  - Effect of two activation methods on mechanical properties of high volume fly ash binders
SP  - 89
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1734
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Rakić, Jelena and Baščarević, Zvezdana",
year = "2022",
abstract = "In this work, the effects of mechanical and chemical activation, as well as their combination, on the mechanical properties of high volume fly ash (HVFA) binders were investigated. Mechanical activation was conducted by grinding fly ash (FA) in a planetary ball mill. It resulted in drastic particle size reduction and increase in specific surface area of the FA. Morphology of FA particles, examined by scanning electron microscope, was also changed. The chemical activation was carried out by adding sodium sulfate to the dry mass of the binder. Effects of the activation methods on mechanical properties of the resulting binders were examined by determining setting time and compressive strength of HVFA mortars. The results showed that both activation methods lead to significant decrease in setting time and increase in early compressive strength, especially when combination of both of the activation methods was applied. Thus, properties of HVFA binders that have been limiting their use in the construction industry, i.e. long setting time and low early strength, were improved by using mechanical and chemical activation.",
publisher = "Institut za multidisciplinarna istraživanja",
journal = "6th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 6CSCS-2022, June 28-29, 2022, Belgrade, Serbia",
title = "Effect of two activation methods on mechanical properties of high volume fly ash binders",
pages = "89",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1734"
}

Rakić, J.,& Baščarević, Z.. (2022). Effect of two activation methods on mechanical properties of high volume fly ash binders. in 6th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 6CSCS-2022, June 28-29, 2022, Belgrade, Serbia
Institut za multidisciplinarna istraživanja., 89.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1734

Rakić J, Baščarević Z. Effect of two activation methods on mechanical properties of high volume fly ash binders. in 6th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 6CSCS-2022, June 28-29, 2022, Belgrade, Serbia. 2022;:89.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1734 .

Rakić, Jelena, Baščarević, Zvezdana, "Effect of two activation methods on mechanical properties of high volume fly ash binders" in 6th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 6CSCS-2022, June 28-29, 2022, Belgrade, Serbia (2022):89,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1734 .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Rakić, Jelena
AU  - Baščarević, Zvezdana
AU  - Petrović, Rada
PY  - 2022
UR  - http://rimsi.imsi.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1739
AB  - The use of binders based on waste materials in construction industry has both ecological and
economic advantages over the use of commercial Portland cements (PC). Preserving the natural
resources needed for PC production, as well as reusing waste materials instead of disposing them in landfills, contributes significantly to the protection of the environment. Also, the price of waste
materials is usually much lower than the price of raw materials used for production of PC.
Coal combustion in thermal power plants produces huge amounts of fly ash (FA). It is estimated
that 500-750 million tonnes of FA are generated worldwide annually, with a global utilization rate
of only 25 %. Due to pozzolanic properties of this aluminosilicate waste material, FA has been
used as PC component for decades. However, the broad use of binders made of high volume of
FA (>50%) is limited by their relatively long setting time and low early strength.
The other waste material of interest in this work was fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue
(FC3R), a by-product from petrol refineries, which primarily consists of zeolite and amorphous
aluminosilicates and also shows pozzolanic activity. Due to relatively small quantities of FC3R
produced (~160000 tonnes per year globally), landfilling is usually considered as the most
economical option for its disposal.
The aim of this work was to investigate the performance properties of ternary binder containing
high volume of the two different waste materials, FA and FC3R. The binder consisted of FA,
FC3R, and PC (commercial CEM I) mixed in a 49:21:30 mass ratio. Both waste materials were
mechanically activated prior to the binder synthesis. Characterization of raw and mechanically
activated waste materials via determination of particle size distribution, morphology and mineral
composition, was conducted. Analyses of the ternary binder properties showed that using FC3R
as the binder component resulted in acceleration of cement hydration and pozzolanic reaction. The
ternary binder had shorter setting time and higher early strength than the control binder
synthesized with 70 mass% of FA and 30 mass% of PC.
PB  - Materials Research Society of Serbia
C3  - Twenty-third Annual Conference YUCOMAT 2022 & Twelfth World Round Table Conference on Sintering XII WRTCS, Herceg Novi, Montenegro, August 29 - September 02, 2022
T1  - Performance of ternary cement binders containing high volume of fly ash and fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue
SP  - 143
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1739
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Rakić, Jelena and Baščarević, Zvezdana and Petrović, Rada",
year = "2022",
abstract = "The use of binders based on waste materials in construction industry has both ecological and
economic advantages over the use of commercial Portland cements (PC). Preserving the natural
resources needed for PC production, as well as reusing waste materials instead of disposing them in landfills, contributes significantly to the protection of the environment. Also, the price of waste
materials is usually much lower than the price of raw materials used for production of PC.
Coal combustion in thermal power plants produces huge amounts of fly ash (FA). It is estimated
that 500-750 million tonnes of FA are generated worldwide annually, with a global utilization rate
of only 25 %. Due to pozzolanic properties of this aluminosilicate waste material, FA has been
used as PC component for decades. However, the broad use of binders made of high volume of
FA (>50%) is limited by their relatively long setting time and low early strength.
The other waste material of interest in this work was fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue
(FC3R), a by-product from petrol refineries, which primarily consists of zeolite and amorphous
aluminosilicates and also shows pozzolanic activity. Due to relatively small quantities of FC3R
produced (~160000 tonnes per year globally), landfilling is usually considered as the most
economical option for its disposal.
The aim of this work was to investigate the performance properties of ternary binder containing
high volume of the two different waste materials, FA and FC3R. The binder consisted of FA,
FC3R, and PC (commercial CEM I) mixed in a 49:21:30 mass ratio. Both waste materials were
mechanically activated prior to the binder synthesis. Characterization of raw and mechanically
activated waste materials via determination of particle size distribution, morphology and mineral
composition, was conducted. Analyses of the ternary binder properties showed that using FC3R
as the binder component resulted in acceleration of cement hydration and pozzolanic reaction. The
ternary binder had shorter setting time and higher early strength than the control binder
synthesized with 70 mass% of FA and 30 mass% of PC.",
publisher = "Materials Research Society of Serbia",
journal = "Twenty-third Annual Conference YUCOMAT 2022 & Twelfth World Round Table Conference on Sintering XII WRTCS, Herceg Novi, Montenegro, August 29 - September 02, 2022",
title = "Performance of ternary cement binders containing high volume of fly ash and fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue",
pages = "143",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1739"
}

Rakić, J., Baščarević, Z.,& Petrović, R.. (2022). Performance of ternary cement binders containing high volume of fly ash and fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue. in Twenty-third Annual Conference YUCOMAT 2022 & Twelfth World Round Table Conference on Sintering XII WRTCS, Herceg Novi, Montenegro, August 29 - September 02, 2022
Materials Research Society of Serbia., 143.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1739

Rakić J, Baščarević Z, Petrović R. Performance of ternary cement binders containing high volume of fly ash and fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue. in Twenty-third Annual Conference YUCOMAT 2022 & Twelfth World Round Table Conference on Sintering XII WRTCS, Herceg Novi, Montenegro, August 29 - September 02, 2022. 2022;:143.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1739 .

Rakić, Jelena, Baščarević, Zvezdana, Petrović, Rada, "Performance of ternary cement binders containing high volume of fly ash and fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue" in Twenty-third Annual Conference YUCOMAT 2022 & Twelfth World Round Table Conference on Sintering XII WRTCS, Herceg Novi, Montenegro, August 29 - September 02, 2022 (2022):143,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1739 .

Rakić, J., Baščarević, Z.,& Carević, V.. (2021). Технолошки поступак синтезе везива отпорног на дејство мраза применом хемијски и механички активираног електрофилтерског пепела из термоелектране као полазног материјала за његову синтезу. .
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1956

Rakić J, Baščarević Z, Carević V. Технолошки поступак синтезе везива отпорног на дејство мраза применом хемијски и механички активираног електрофилтерског пепела из термоелектране као полазног материјала за његову синтезу. 2021;.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1956 .

Rakić, Jelena, Baščarević, Zvezdana, Carević, Vedran, "Технолошки поступак синтезе везива отпорног на дејство мраза применом хемијски и механички активираног електрофилтерског пепела из термоелектране као полазног материјала за његову синтезу" (2021),
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1956 .

Rakić, J., Baščarević, Z.,& Petrović, R.. (2021). Композитно везиво на бази отпадног катализатора из процеса каталитичког крековања нафте и електрофилтерског пепела термоелектрана. .
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1952

Rakić J, Baščarević Z, Petrović R. Композитно везиво на бази отпадног катализатора из процеса каталитичког крековања нафте и електрофилтерског пепела термоелектрана. 2021;.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1952 .

Rakić, Jelena, Baščarević, Zvezdana, Petrović, Rada, "Композитно везиво на бази отпадног катализатора из процеса каталитичког крековања нафте и електрофилтерског пепела термоелектрана" (2021),
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1952 .

Baščarević, Z., Rakić, J.,& Petrović, R.. (2021). Геополимер на бази отпадног катализатора из процеса каталитичког крековања нафте добијен применом раствора натријум-силиката као алкалног активатора. .
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1955

Baščarević Z, Rakić J, Petrović R. Геополимер на бази отпадног катализатора из процеса каталитичког крековања нафте добијен применом раствора натријум-силиката као алкалног активатора. 2021;.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1955 .

Baščarević, Zvezdana, Rakić, Jelena, Petrović, Rada, "Геополимер на бази отпадног катализатора из процеса каталитичког крековања нафте добијен применом раствора натријум-силиката као алкалног активатора" (2021),
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1955 .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Rakić, Jelena
AU  - Baščarević, Zvezdana
PY  - 2020
UR  - http://rimsi.imsi.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1741
AB  - Veziva sa velikim udelom elektrofilterskog pepela (EFP) se odlikuju dugim vremenima vezivanja i malim početnim čvrstoćama. Primenom metoda mehaničke i/ili hemijske aktivacije moguće je značajno povećati reaktivnost EFP, te poboljšati svojstva veziva. U ovom radu ispitivan je uticaj mehaničke aktivacije EFP na svojstva veziva sa 70% EFP i 30% portland cementa. Dodatno, analiziran je uticaj hemijske aktivacije veziva primenom natrijum-sulfata kao aktivatora. Primenom kombinacije postupaka mehaničke i hemijske aktivacije dobijeno je vezivo koje je imalo najveće čvrstoće u početnom periodu (do 7 dana) i najkraće vreme vezivanja. Ipak, najveću čvrstoću posle 90 dana imalo je vezivo na bazi mehanički aktiviranog EFP.
AB  - High volume fly ash (FA) binders are characterized by long setting times and low early strength. By
applying mechanical and/or chemical activation methods, it is possible to increase the reactivity of FA and improve the properties of the binder. In this paper, influence of mechanical activation of FA on the properties of binders prepared with 70% FA and 30% Portland cement was investigated. Additionally, effect of chemical activation of the binder by using sodium sulfate as activator was evaluated. The binder obtained by combining mechanical and chemical activation had the highest early strength (up to 7 days) and the shortest setting times. However, the highest strength of the binder after 90 days was obtained by applying only mechanical activation of FA.
PB  - Savez inženjera i tehničara Srbije
T2  - Tehnika
T1  - Poboljšanje svojstava veziva sa velikim udelom elektrofilterskog pepela primenom postupaka mehaničke i hemijske aktivacije
T1  - Improving properties of high volume fly ash binder by mechanical and chemical activation
EP  - 559
SP  - 553
VL  - 5
DO  - 10.5937/tehnika2005553R
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Rakić, Jelena and Baščarević, Zvezdana",
year = "2020",
abstract = "Veziva sa velikim udelom elektrofilterskog pepela (EFP) se odlikuju dugim vremenima vezivanja i malim početnim čvrstoćama. Primenom metoda mehaničke i/ili hemijske aktivacije moguće je značajno povećati reaktivnost EFP, te poboljšati svojstva veziva. U ovom radu ispitivan je uticaj mehaničke aktivacije EFP na svojstva veziva sa 70% EFP i 30% portland cementa. Dodatno, analiziran je uticaj hemijske aktivacije veziva primenom natrijum-sulfata kao aktivatora. Primenom kombinacije postupaka mehaničke i hemijske aktivacije dobijeno je vezivo koje je imalo najveće čvrstoće u početnom periodu (do 7 dana) i najkraće vreme vezivanja. Ipak, najveću čvrstoću posle 90 dana imalo je vezivo na bazi mehanički aktiviranog EFP., High volume fly ash (FA) binders are characterized by long setting times and low early strength. By
applying mechanical and/or chemical activation methods, it is possible to increase the reactivity of FA and improve the properties of the binder. In this paper, influence of mechanical activation of FA on the properties of binders prepared with 70% FA and 30% Portland cement was investigated. Additionally, effect of chemical activation of the binder by using sodium sulfate as activator was evaluated. The binder obtained by combining mechanical and chemical activation had the highest early strength (up to 7 days) and the shortest setting times. However, the highest strength of the binder after 90 days was obtained by applying only mechanical activation of FA.",
publisher = "Savez inženjera i tehničara Srbije",
journal = "Tehnika",
title = "Poboljšanje svojstava veziva sa velikim udelom elektrofilterskog pepela primenom postupaka mehaničke i hemijske aktivacije, Improving properties of high volume fly ash binder by mechanical and chemical activation",
pages = "559-553",
volume = "5",
doi = "10.5937/tehnika2005553R"
}

Rakić, J.,& Baščarević, Z.. (2020). Poboljšanje svojstava veziva sa velikim udelom elektrofilterskog pepela primenom postupaka mehaničke i hemijske aktivacije. in Tehnika
Savez inženjera i tehničara Srbije., 5, 553-559.
https://doi.org/10.5937/tehnika2005553R

Rakić J, Baščarević Z. Poboljšanje svojstava veziva sa velikim udelom elektrofilterskog pepela primenom postupaka mehaničke i hemijske aktivacije. in Tehnika. 2020;5:553-559.
doi:10.5937/tehnika2005553R .

Rakić, Jelena, Baščarević, Zvezdana, "Poboljšanje svojstava veziva sa velikim udelom elektrofilterskog pepela primenom postupaka mehaničke i hemijske aktivacije" in Tehnika, 5 (2020):553-559,
https://doi.org/10.5937/tehnika2005553R . .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Rakić, Jelena
AU  - Baščarević, Zvezdana
PY  - 2019
UR  - http://rimsi.imsi.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1733
AB  - More than 5.5 million tonnes of fly ash (FA), a by-product originating from coal combustion in thermal power plants (TPP), is produced in Serbia annually. Only small part of the FA is reused, mostly by cement industry, while the rest of it is disposed on landfills. Given its chemical composition and particle size distribution, FA has huge potential for reuse, especially in construction industry. Some of the most promising ways for FA utilization in building materials industry are synthesis of alkali-activated materials (AAM) and binders in which different quantities of Portland cement (PC) are substituted with FA (up to 80%). However, potential use of FA strongly depends on its reactivity. Among factors that affect FA reactivity, particle size distribution and amorphous phase content are the most important. A way to improve the reactivity of FA is mechanical activation, a process where mechanical energy is used to increase chemical reactivity of material. The main results of the mechanical activation process are particle size reduction, increase in specific surface area, generation of structural defects, increase in amorphous phase content, which all lead to better reactivity of material.
In this paper, FA from TPP “Kolubara”, Serbia, was mechanically activated in planetary ball mill using different ball-to-ash ratios, from 1:3 to 1:20. Characterization of raw and activated FA, such as particle size distribution, mineral and chemical composition, morphology and specific surface area, was carried out. The effects of mechanical activation of FA on the properties of resulting binders, both AAM and binder with PC, were also investigated.
It was found that mechanical activation, even with the lowest ball-to-ash ratio (1:3), caused drastic changes in particle size distribution and specific surface area of FA. Significant increase in compressive strength of mortars based on mechanically activated FA, relative to mortars based on raw FA, indicated that reactivity of FA was considerably improved by mechanical activation. Further increase in the ball-to ash ratio led to less significant changes in the properties of the activated FA and therefore, less considerable increase in compressive strength of the synthesized mortars. It was concluded that, in terms of the balance between time and energy consumption, on the one hand, and improvement of the FA properties on the other, further increase of ball-to-ash ratios was not justified.
PB  - Institute for multidisciplinary research
C3  - 5th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 5CSCS-2019, June 11-13, 2019, Belgrade, Serbia
T1  - Optimization of mechanical activation of fly ash
SP  - 138
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1733
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Rakić, Jelena and Baščarević, Zvezdana",
year = "2019",
abstract = "More than 5.5 million tonnes of fly ash (FA), a by-product originating from coal combustion in thermal power plants (TPP), is produced in Serbia annually. Only small part of the FA is reused, mostly by cement industry, while the rest of it is disposed on landfills. Given its chemical composition and particle size distribution, FA has huge potential for reuse, especially in construction industry. Some of the most promising ways for FA utilization in building materials industry are synthesis of alkali-activated materials (AAM) and binders in which different quantities of Portland cement (PC) are substituted with FA (up to 80%). However, potential use of FA strongly depends on its reactivity. Among factors that affect FA reactivity, particle size distribution and amorphous phase content are the most important. A way to improve the reactivity of FA is mechanical activation, a process where mechanical energy is used to increase chemical reactivity of material. The main results of the mechanical activation process are particle size reduction, increase in specific surface area, generation of structural defects, increase in amorphous phase content, which all lead to better reactivity of material.
In this paper, FA from TPP “Kolubara”, Serbia, was mechanically activated in planetary ball mill using different ball-to-ash ratios, from 1:3 to 1:20. Characterization of raw and activated FA, such as particle size distribution, mineral and chemical composition, morphology and specific surface area, was carried out. The effects of mechanical activation of FA on the properties of resulting binders, both AAM and binder with PC, were also investigated.
It was found that mechanical activation, even with the lowest ball-to-ash ratio (1:3), caused drastic changes in particle size distribution and specific surface area of FA. Significant increase in compressive strength of mortars based on mechanically activated FA, relative to mortars based on raw FA, indicated that reactivity of FA was considerably improved by mechanical activation. Further increase in the ball-to ash ratio led to less significant changes in the properties of the activated FA and therefore, less considerable increase in compressive strength of the synthesized mortars. It was concluded that, in terms of the balance between time and energy consumption, on the one hand, and improvement of the FA properties on the other, further increase of ball-to-ash ratios was not justified.",
publisher = "Institute for multidisciplinary research",
journal = "5th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 5CSCS-2019, June 11-13, 2019, Belgrade, Serbia",
title = "Optimization of mechanical activation of fly ash",
pages = "138",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1733"
}

Rakić, J.,& Baščarević, Z.. (2019). Optimization of mechanical activation of fly ash. in 5th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 5CSCS-2019, June 11-13, 2019, Belgrade, Serbia
Institute for multidisciplinary research., 138.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1733

Rakić J, Baščarević Z. Optimization of mechanical activation of fly ash. in 5th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 5CSCS-2019, June 11-13, 2019, Belgrade, Serbia. 2019;:138.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1733 .

Rakić, Jelena, Baščarević, Zvezdana, "Optimization of mechanical activation of fly ash" in 5th Conference of The Serbian Society for Ceramic Materials, 5CSCS-2019, June 11-13, 2019, Belgrade, Serbia (2019):138,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1733 .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Rakić, Jelena
AU  - Baščarević, Zvezdana
AU  - Petrović, Rada
AU  - Kovač, Sabina
PY  - 2019
UR  - http://rimsi.imsi.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1971
AB  - Fluid cracking catalyst residue (spent FCC) is a by-product from petrol refineries. It primarily consists of zeolite (in used sample - faujasite) and amorphous aluminosilicates. In this study, possibility to use spent FCC as a component of binders with low content of Portland cement (PC) have been investigated. 
Binders made with high volume of mineral additions are being developed in order to reduce the amount CO2 emitted by PC industry. Fly ash (FA), a by-product of coal combustion in thermal power plants, is one of the most commonly used raw material for these binders. The main shortages of binders with high volume of FA are long setting time and low early strength. 
In this work, mixtures of PC, FA and spent FCC were prepared. It was found that addition of spent FCC to low PC mixtures significantly shortened setting time and improved early strength of the binders. However, 28-day compressive strength of the ternary binder was lower than the strength of low PC binder synthesized with FA only, which indicated the need for further optimization of the binder composition.
PB  - Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad
C3  - 13th CONFERENCE for YOUNG SCIENTISTS in CERAMICS (CYSC-2019) October 16-19, 2019, Novi Sad, Serbia
T1  - Possibility to use spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst as component of Portland cement binders
SP  - 101
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1971
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Rakić, Jelena and Baščarević, Zvezdana and Petrović, Rada and Kovač, Sabina",
year = "2019",
abstract = "Fluid cracking catalyst residue (spent FCC) is a by-product from petrol refineries. It primarily consists of zeolite (in used sample - faujasite) and amorphous aluminosilicates. In this study, possibility to use spent FCC as a component of binders with low content of Portland cement (PC) have been investigated. 
Binders made with high volume of mineral additions are being developed in order to reduce the amount CO2 emitted by PC industry. Fly ash (FA), a by-product of coal combustion in thermal power plants, is one of the most commonly used raw material for these binders. The main shortages of binders with high volume of FA are long setting time and low early strength. 
In this work, mixtures of PC, FA and spent FCC were prepared. It was found that addition of spent FCC to low PC mixtures significantly shortened setting time and improved early strength of the binders. However, 28-day compressive strength of the ternary binder was lower than the strength of low PC binder synthesized with FA only, which indicated the need for further optimization of the binder composition.",
publisher = "Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad",
journal = "13th CONFERENCE for YOUNG SCIENTISTS in CERAMICS (CYSC-2019) October 16-19, 2019, Novi Sad, Serbia",
title = "Possibility to use spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst as component of Portland cement binders",
pages = "101",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1971"
}

Rakić, J., Baščarević, Z., Petrović, R.,& Kovač, S.. (2019). Possibility to use spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst as component of Portland cement binders. in 13th CONFERENCE for YOUNG SCIENTISTS in CERAMICS (CYSC-2019) October 16-19, 2019, Novi Sad, Serbia
Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad., 101.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1971

Rakić J, Baščarević Z, Petrović R, Kovač S. Possibility to use spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst as component of Portland cement binders. in 13th CONFERENCE for YOUNG SCIENTISTS in CERAMICS (CYSC-2019) October 16-19, 2019, Novi Sad, Serbia. 2019;:101.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1971 .

Rakić, Jelena, Baščarević, Zvezdana, Petrović, Rada, Kovač, Sabina, "Possibility to use spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst as component of Portland cement binders" in 13th CONFERENCE for YOUNG SCIENTISTS in CERAMICS (CYSC-2019) October 16-19, 2019, Novi Sad, Serbia (2019):101,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1971 .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Baščarević, Zvezdana
AU  - Rakić, Jelena
AU  - Petrović, Rada
PY  - 2018
UR  - http://rimsi.imsi.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1779
AB  - Fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue (spent FCCC) is an inorganic by-product obtained from petrol refineries. It is made up mostly of SiO2 and Al2O3 (about 90 % of its chemical composition) and consists mainly of zeolite (faujasite) and amorphous aluminosilicate matrix. Due to the relatively low quantities of the spent FCCC produced worldwide (~160000 tons per year), landfilling is usually considered as the simplest and the most economical option for its disposal.
This work assesses the possibility to use locally produced spent FCCC as starting material for alkali activated materials (geopolymers) synthesis. Geopolymers are class of alkali activated materials that are obtained by alkali activation of an aluminosilicate precursor. The main product of alkali activation reaction is amorphous aluminosilicate gel, “geopolymer” gel. Due to highly interconnected, three-dimensional structure of geopolymer gel, these materials can show high compressive strength and very good durability and can be regarded as an alternative to Portland cement in some applications.
Synthesis of geopolymer binder based on spent FCCC was carried out by using sodium silicate solutions with different SiO2/Na2O ratios as alkaline activators. The alkali activation reaction was performed at 65 °C for 24 hours. Structural characterization of the synthesized geopolymer samples showed that alkali activation of the spent FCCC sample led to the conversion of the zeolitic phase (faujasite) to aluminosilicate geopolymer gel. It was found that, when SiO2/Na2O ratio of the activating solution was 1.25 - 1.50, compressive strength of the geopolymer mortars based on spent FCCC was higher than 70 MPa. These results indicated potential to use spent FCCC as precursor for geopolymer production.
PB  - F.A. Finger-Institut für Baustoffkunde
C3  - 20. Internationale Baustofftagung, Ibausil, 12. - 14. September 2018, Weimar, Bundesrepublik Deutschland
T1  - Possibility to use spent catalyst from fluid catalytic cracking process for geopolymer synthesis
EP  - 1992
SP  - 1985
VL  - 1
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1779
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Baščarević, Zvezdana and Rakić, Jelena and Petrović, Rada",
year = "2018",
abstract = "Fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue (spent FCCC) is an inorganic by-product obtained from petrol refineries. It is made up mostly of SiO2 and Al2O3 (about 90 % of its chemical composition) and consists mainly of zeolite (faujasite) and amorphous aluminosilicate matrix. Due to the relatively low quantities of the spent FCCC produced worldwide (~160000 tons per year), landfilling is usually considered as the simplest and the most economical option for its disposal.
This work assesses the possibility to use locally produced spent FCCC as starting material for alkali activated materials (geopolymers) synthesis. Geopolymers are class of alkali activated materials that are obtained by alkali activation of an aluminosilicate precursor. The main product of alkali activation reaction is amorphous aluminosilicate gel, “geopolymer” gel. Due to highly interconnected, three-dimensional structure of geopolymer gel, these materials can show high compressive strength and very good durability and can be regarded as an alternative to Portland cement in some applications.
Synthesis of geopolymer binder based on spent FCCC was carried out by using sodium silicate solutions with different SiO2/Na2O ratios as alkaline activators. The alkali activation reaction was performed at 65 °C for 24 hours. Structural characterization of the synthesized geopolymer samples showed that alkali activation of the spent FCCC sample led to the conversion of the zeolitic phase (faujasite) to aluminosilicate geopolymer gel. It was found that, when SiO2/Na2O ratio of the activating solution was 1.25 - 1.50, compressive strength of the geopolymer mortars based on spent FCCC was higher than 70 MPa. These results indicated potential to use spent FCCC as precursor for geopolymer production.",
publisher = "F.A. Finger-Institut für Baustoffkunde",
journal = "20. Internationale Baustofftagung, Ibausil, 12. - 14. September 2018, Weimar, Bundesrepublik Deutschland",
title = "Possibility to use spent catalyst from fluid catalytic cracking process for geopolymer synthesis",
pages = "1992-1985",
volume = "1",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1779"
}

Baščarević, Z., Rakić, J.,& Petrović, R.. (2018). Possibility to use spent catalyst from fluid catalytic cracking process for geopolymer synthesis. in 20. Internationale Baustofftagung, Ibausil, 12. - 14. September 2018, Weimar, Bundesrepublik Deutschland
F.A. Finger-Institut für Baustoffkunde., 1, 1985-1992.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1779

Baščarević Z, Rakić J, Petrović R. Possibility to use spent catalyst from fluid catalytic cracking process for geopolymer synthesis. in 20. Internationale Baustofftagung, Ibausil, 12. - 14. September 2018, Weimar, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. 2018;1:1985-1992.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1779 .

Baščarević, Zvezdana, Rakić, Jelena, Petrović, Rada, "Possibility to use spent catalyst from fluid catalytic cracking process for geopolymer synthesis" in 20. Internationale Baustofftagung, Ibausil, 12. - 14. September 2018, Weimar, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1 (2018):1985-1992,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_rimsi_1779 .